用简单的词语表达你的观点。
简化写作最基础的方式是使用较简单的词汇。英文中较简单的词汇——动词、名词和形容词——含义更宽泛,而较复杂的词汇则含义更准确。因此,使用相对简单的词“安全系数”更高。
部分作家坚信“大词”(较难、不常使用的单词)不好,他们认为任何使用“大词”的人只不过是想给读者留下深刻印象。本原则表达的观点是,在日常写作中,作者应该使用较简单的词语。这并不是指在写作中完全不存在使用“大”或更精准词汇的情况,而是指作者在任何时候都要思考,针对特定读者什么样的词汇才恰当。
使用较简单的词汇
下面的列表展示了我们可以用较熟悉的词替换较陌生的词,从而使读者更容易理解。
注意☞原则6提出要使用意思准确、具体的词,而不是意思宽泛、模糊的词,原则8的重点则是使用简单词。写作艺术要求作者协调这两个概念,从而保持一致。“小词”(较简单、常使用的单词)不一定是精确词,例如在“这个房子不错”和“加班时间多”中,作者应该考虑用更准确的词替换“不错”和“多”,也可以选择增加补充句,毕竟读者很可能会疑惑:“不错”和“多”究竟是什么意思?
练习
重写下面的句子,用较简单的方式表达句子含义。参考答案见第130页。
1.胡萝卜汁有益于你,该最新论断有大量证据支撑。
(There is considerable evidential support for the assertion that carrot juice is good for you.)
2.我们期待在可预见的将来,运用大量的回收复印纸张。
(We anticipate utilizing hundreds of reams of recycled copy paper in the foreseeable future.)
3.这项计划将为废除低效运输标准做准备。
(This plan will provide for the elimination of inefficient shipping practices.)
4.就教育而言,我们的在校儿童应该接受充分“3R”教育——阅读、写作和数学。
(Educationwise, our schoolchildren should be given adequate training in the three Rs—reading, writing, and arithmetic.)
5.关于这首诗,我认为第二、三节蕴含着某种绝望的情感。
(Only meteorologists can perform a detailed analysis of changing climatic conditions.)
6.只有气象学家能够对变化的气候情况进行详细分析。
(With reference to the poem, I submit that the second and third stanzas connote a certain feeling of despair.)
7.那只狗是杰出犬类的象征和最佳典范。
(That dog is epitome, the very quintessence, of canine excellence.)
8.飓风几乎摧毁了沿海一带的所有建筑。汇合而成的水与风合力掀翻屋顶、冲倒墙壁,大部分房子被摧毁了。
(The hurricane destroyed almost all structures along the coastline. Most homes were destroyed when a confluence of water and windjoined forces to rip off roofs and collapse walls.)
9.我坚持哪个观点?这是个好问题。我反对战争,然而我也认为在某些情形下需要使用武力。
(Which point of view do I adhere to?That's a good question. While I am against war, I also realize that some situations require the use of military force.)
10.正如一个多世纪以前拿破伦军队挺入俄罗斯一样,德国军队也未能成功入侵俄罗斯,因为战士们没有为冬季气候做充分准备。德国士兵甚至没有合适的冬衣应对零度以下的温度。
(Like Napoleon's army that marched on Russia more than a century before, the German army was also unable to successfully invade Russia because its soldiers were inadequately prepared for winter conditions. German soldiers didn't even have proper winter clothing to withstand the subzero temperatures.)