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① Stephen Mitchell, trans., Epic of Gilgamesh （New York: Free Press, 2004）, 198-199.
② Alfred J. Andrea and James H. Overfi eld, The Human Record: Sources of Global History, vol. 1 to 1700, 4th ed. （Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2008）, 23-24.
③ J. R. Biraben, “Essai sur l’évolution du nombre des hommes,” Population 34 （1979）.
④ Rein Taagepera, “Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 BC,” Social Science Research 7 （1978）:180-196.
⑤ 世界上第一部成文法典是《乌尔纳木法典》；《汉谟拉比》是至今完整保存下来的最早的一部法典。——编者注
⑥ 应为公元前 11 世纪。——译者注
⑦ 据《史记·殷本纪》记载，纣王“登鹿台，衣其宝玉衣，赴火而死”。——译者注
⑧ Karl Jaspers, The Way to Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy （New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003）.